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<title>Final-obstruent devoicing</title>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:18em;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding: 0.3em; font-size: 120%;"><a href="Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a> and <a href="Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">Quantitative metathesis</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a></li>

<li><a href="L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">Debuccalization</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<a href="Fortition" title="Fortition">Fortition</a></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li>

<li><a href="Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Vowel breaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li>

<li><a href="Haplology" title="Haplology">Haplology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">Transphonologization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li>

<li><a href="Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Tone_(linguistics)#Origin" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonogenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Floating_tone" title="Floating tone">Floating tone</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">Coarticulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li>

<li><a href="Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaphony" title="Metaphony">Metaphony</a> (<a href="Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<a href="Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a>, <a href="Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking R</a></li>

<li><a href="Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">Vowel hiatus</a></li></ul>

<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><a href="Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></li>

<li><a href="Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a> and <a href="Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">diaeresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li>

<li><a href="Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">Affrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">Fronting</a></li>

<li><a href="Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a></li>

<li><a href="Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a></li>

<li><a href="Iotacism" title="Iotacism">Iotacism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">Merger</a></li>

<li><a href="Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li>

<li><a href="Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhinoglottophilia" title="Rhinoglottophilia">Rhinoglottophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">Shm-reduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li>

<li><a href="Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">Vowel shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">Chain shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p><b>Final-obstruent devoicing</b> or <b>terminal devoicing</b> is a systematic <a href="Phonological_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological process">phonological process</a> occurring in languages such as <a href="Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>, <a href="Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and <a href="Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>. In such languages, <a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> in final position (at the end of a word) become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in <a href="Pausa" title="Pausa">pausa</a>. The process can be written as *C<sub>[+ obstruent, +voice]</sub> → C<sub>[-voice]</sub>/__#.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_with_final-obstruent_devoicing">Languages with final-obstruent devoicing</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_languages">Germanic languages</h3></div>

<p>Most modern continental <a href="West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> developed final devoicing, the earliest evidence appearing in Old Dutch around the 9th or 10th century.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian</a> (<a href="Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a> and <a href="Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, also <a href="Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old</a> and <a href="Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="German_language" title="German language">(High) German</a>, also <a href="Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> (for fricatives)</li>

<li><a href="Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>, also <a href="Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> (for fricatives, inconsistently for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>)</li>

<li><a href="West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> (and some Low German dialects in North Frisia influenced by it) do not have final devoicing.</li>

<li><a href="East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></li></ul>

<p>In contrast to other continental West Germanic languages, (Eastern)-<a href="Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> notably does not alter final voiced sounds; this appears to be a later reversal, most probably under <a href="Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> influence. In its earliest recorded example (<a href="Yiddish#Written_evidence" title="Yiddish">Yiddish, written evidence</a>), it has final-obstruent devoicing (טַק "tak" instead of "tag" for day.)

</p><p><a href="North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a> generally lack devoicing. <a href="Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> do not have final devoicing, and <a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> does not even have voiced obstruents that could be devoiced. As in Danish, <a href="Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> stops are voiceless, but it has voiced fricatives which may also occur word-finally.

</p><p>Gothic (an <a href="East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic language</a>) also developed final devoicing independently, but only for fricatives.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3></div>

<p>Among the <a href="Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, word-final devoicing is common in the <a href="Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>, some of which tend to exhibit strong <a href="Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Frankish</a> influence (itself the ancestor of Old Dutch, above).

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and <a href="Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>. Preserved in certain <a href="Modern_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern French">Modern French</a> inflections such as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">-if</i></span> vs. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">-ive</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grand</i></span> when applying <a href="Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʁɑ̃t]</span> vs. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grande</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʁɑ̃d(ə)]</span>, but now often regularized. However, dialects maintain word-final devoicing:

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a></li>

<li>some <a href="Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a> speakers</li>

<li><a href="Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a>, influenced by Catalan and Occitan</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li>

<li><a href="Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Notes</dt>

<ul><li>Many Romance languages (such as <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) rarely have words with final voiced consonants for different reasons in their phonological histories, but borrowings from other languages that have a voiced final consonant (like <i>weekend</i>) are not devoiced.</li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> merges <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> in word-final position (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">nós</i></span> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">noz</i></span> are homophones) but has a few words ending with voiced stops like <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sob</i></span>. However, some dialects add an epenthetic vowel after word-final voiced stops.</li>

<li><a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, which lies geographically between Hungarian and Slavic-speaking areas, does <i>not</i> have it.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_languages">Slavic languages</h3></div>

<p>Most <a href="Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> exhibit final devoicing, but notably standard (<a href="Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Štokavian</a>) <a href="Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a> do not.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> (<a href="Kajkavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajkavian dialect">Kajkavian</a> dialects)</li>

<li><a href="Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovene</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Indo-European_languages">Other Indo-European languages</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> – certain dialects, notably the dialects of certain areas of the <a href="Berat_County" title="Berat County">Berat</a> and <a href="Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_County" title="Korçë County">Korçë</a> counties, towards the southeast of <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li>

<li><a href="Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li>

<li><a href="Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (half-voiced)</li>

<li><a href="Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Indo-European_languages">Non-Indo-European languages</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> (half-voiced in <a href="Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mokari_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mokari-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> (for stops)</li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (for stops)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a> (for stops)</li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> (for stops)</li>

<li><a href="Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> (for stops)</li>

<li><a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (nuanced; see <a href="Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> (fully devoiced or half-voiced)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> (for stops)</li>

<li><a href="Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Modern Javanese</a> (for stops)</li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (for stops, partially)</li>

<li><a href="Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> (for stops, partially)</li>

<li><a href="Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> (for stops)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Notes</dt>

<ul><li><a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, a <a href="Uralic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic language">Uralic language</a> which lies geographically between Romanian, Germanic- and Slavic-speaking areas, does <i>not</i> have it.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creole_languages">Creole languages</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_and_Afrikaans">Dutch and Afrikaans</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, terminal devoicing results in homophones such as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hard</i></span> 'hard' and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hart</i></span> 'heart' as well as differences in consonant sounds between the singular and plural forms of nouns, for example <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">golf–golven</i></span> (Dutch) and <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">golf–golwe</i></span> (Afrikaans) for 'wave–waves'.

</p><p>The history of the devoicing phenomenon within the <a href="West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> is not entirely clear, but the discovery of a <a href="Bergakker_inscription" title="Bergakker inscription">runic inscription</a> from the early fifth century suggests that this terminal devoicing<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originated in Frankish. Of the old West Germanic languages, Old Dutch, a descendant of Frankish, is the earliest to show any kind of devoicing, and final devoicing also occurred in Frankish-influenced <a href="Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>.

</p><p><a href="Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>, spoken on the <a href="Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> island of <a href="Ameland" title="Ameland">Ameland</a>, is the only Dutch <a href="Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> that does not feature final-obstruent devoicing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div>

<p>Standard varieties of <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> do not have phonological final-obstruent devoicing of the type that neutralizes phonemic contrasts; thus pairs like <i>bad</i> and <i>bat</i> are distinct in all major <a href="Regional_accents_of_English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accents of English speakers">accents of English</a>. Nevertheless, voiced obstruents are devoiced to some extent in final position in English, especially when phrase-final or when followed by a voiceless consonant (for example, <i>bad cat</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bæd̥<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰæt]</span>). Additionally, the voiced alveolar stop /d/ is regularly devoiced in <a href="African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a> (AAVE).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> had final devoicing of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, although the spelling did not distinguish <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>. It can be inferred from the modern pronunciation of <i>half</i> with a voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, from an originally voiced fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span> in Proto-Germanic <i lang="gem-x-proto"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halbaz#Proto-Germanic" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halbaz">*halbaz</a></i> (preserved in German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">halb</i></span> and Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got-Latn">halba</i></span>). There was also final devoicing of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> finally, evidenced by spellings like <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">burh</i></span> alongside <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">burg</i></span>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3></div>

<p>Final-obstruents devoicing occurs in the varieties from Northern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon_et_al.2004lvii_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon_et_al.2004lvii-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German contrast between <a href="Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> obstruents is more properly described as a <a href="Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a> opposition than an opposition of voiceless and voiced sounds. Therefore, the term <i>devoicing</i> may be misleading, since voice is only an optional feature of German lenis obstruents. By contrast, the German term for the phenomenon, <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslautverh%C3%A4rtung" class="extiw external" title="de:Auslautverhärtung">Auslautverhärtung</a></i> ("final-sound hardening"), refers to <a href="Fortition" title="Fortition">fortition</a> rather than devoicing. However, the German phenomenon is similar to the final devoicing in other languages in that the opposition between two different kinds of obstruents disappears at the ends of words, and in fact at the ends of all syllables,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making homophones of such pairs as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rad</i></span> ("wheel") and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rat</i></span> ("council, counsel"), both pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁaːt]</span>. The German varieties of the north, and many pronunciations of Standard German, involve voice in the distinction between fortis and lenis obstruents however. Final devoicing applies to all plosives, affricates and fricatives, and to loan words as well as native words.

</p><p>Some examples from Northern German include:

</p>

<th colspan="3">Nouns</th>

<th colspan="3">Verbs

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Singular</th>

<th>Translation</th>

<th>Plural</th>

<th>Imperative</th>

<th>Translation</th>

<th>Infinitive

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bäder</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbɛːdɐ]</span></td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">reden</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʁeːdn̩]</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>robbery</td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Raube</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʁaʊ̯bə]</span></td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">reiben</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʁaɪ̯bn̩]</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>train</td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Züge</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈt͡syːɡə]</span></td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sagen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈzaːɡn̩]</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Archiv</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaʁˈçiːf]</span></td>

<td>archive</td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Archive</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaʁˈçiːvə]</span></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>mouse</td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mäuse</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɔʏ̯zə]</span>

</td>

</td>

<td>read!

</td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">lesen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈleːzn̩]</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Orange</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔoˈʁaŋʃ]</span>

</td>

<td>orange (colour)

</td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">manage!</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɛnətʃ]</span>

</td>

<td>manage!

</td>

<td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">managen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɛnədʒən]</span>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian">Russian</h3></div>

<p>Final-obstruent devoicing can lead to the <a href="Phonemic_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic differentiation">neutralization</a> of <a href="Phonemic_contrast" title="Phonemic contrast">phonemic contrasts</a> in certain environments. For example, Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">бес</span></span> ('demon', phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʲes/</span>) and <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">без</span></span> ('without', phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʲez/</span>) are pronounced identically in isolation as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲes]</span>.

</p><p>The presence of this process in Russian is also the source of the seemingly variant transliterations of Russian names into <i>-off</i> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">-ов</span></span>), especially by the French, as well as older English transcriptions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devoicing_in_compounds">Devoicing in compounds</h2></div>

<p>In compounds, the behaviour varies between languages:

</p>

<ul><li>In some languages, devoicing is <a href="Lexicalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicalized">lexicalized</a>, which means that words that are devoiced in isolation retain that final devoicing when they are part of a compound. In English, for example, there is an alternation between voiced and voiceless fricatives in pairs such as the following:

<ul><li>thief ([<b>f</b>]) – thieve ([<b>v</b>])</li>

<li>bath ([<b>θ</b>]) – bathe ([<b>ð</b>])</li></ul></li></ul>

<p>The process is not productive in English; however, see <a href="Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a>.

</p>

<ul><li>In other languages, it is purely phonological, which means that voicing depends solely on position and on assimilation with adjacent consonants; e.g., German.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_filter" title="Surface filter">Surface filter</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In normalised Middle High German as opposed to modern New High German, devoicing is represented in writing, thus <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriemhilt</i></span> is the shortened form of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriemhilde</i></span>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, final-obstruent devoicing does not occur in <a href="Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a> or <a href="Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Crowley and Bowern (2010), p. 24</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Ammon, Hans Bickel, Jakob Ebner, Ruth Esterhammer, Markus Gasser, Lorenz Hofer, Birte Kellermeier-Rehbein, Heinrich Löffler, Doris Mangott, Hans Moser, Robert Schläpfer, Michael Schloßmacher, Regula Schmidlin, Günter Vallaster, <i>Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol</i>. Walter de Gruyter, 2004, p. LVII.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Veen2001" class="citation book cs1">van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nx-GUm-0OIC&pg=PA104">"West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects"</a>. In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Nils; Vries, Oebele; Faltings, Volker F.; Hoekstra, Jarich F.; Walker, Alastair G. H.; Wilts, Ommo (eds.). <i>Handbook of Frisian studies</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 104. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-484-73048-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mokari-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mokari_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMokariWerner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2017). "Azerbaijani". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 207. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100317000184">10.1017/S0025100317000184</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232347049">232347049</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFS.2012" class="citation book cs1">S., Effendi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuulDwAAQBAJ&q=huruf+b+dilafalkan+p&pg=PA228"><i>Panduan Berbahasa Indonesia dengan Baik dan Benar (Guidebook for Speaking Indonesian Well and Correct)</i></a>. Dunia Pustaka Jaya. p. 228. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-6232212350</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTuisk2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tuisk, Tuuli (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308133994">"Main features of the Livonian sound system and pronunciation"</a>. <i>Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>143. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12697%2Fjeful.2016.7.1.06">10.12697/jeful.2016.7.1.06</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLangbroekRoeleveldQuakVermeyden2002" class="citation book cs1">Langbroek, Erika; Roeleveld, Annelies; Quak, Arend; Vermeyden, Paula (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W91nBn0l96wC&pg=PA23"><i>Amsterdamer Beiträge Zur Älteren Germanistik</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 23. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-420-1579-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Veen2001" class="citation cs2">Van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001), "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nx-GUm-0OIC"><i>Handbook of Frisian studies</i></a>, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, p. 104, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-484-73048-X</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTreiman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Treiman, Rebecca (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fbf03196580">"Spelling and dialect: Comparisons between speakers of African American vernacular English and White speakers"</a>. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>342. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fbf03196580">10.3758/bf03196580</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15260203">15260203</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7684083">7684083</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon_et_al.2004lvii-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon_et_al.2004lvii_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmon_et_al.2004">Ammon et al. 2004</a>, p. lvii.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWiese2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Richard_Wiese_(linguist)" title="Richard Wiese (linguist)">Wiese, Richard</a> (2000). <i>The Phonology of German</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>206. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-824040-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAmmon_et_al.2004" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich; Bickel, Hans; et al., eds. (2004). <i>Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen</i>. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3110165759</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Brockhaus, Wiebke. (1995). Final Devoicing in the Phonology of German. Max Niemeyer.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChowKharlamov2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chow, Daryl; Kharlamov, Viktor (September 2018). "Final devoicing in Singapore English". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>144</b> (3): 1902. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ASAJ..144Q1902C">2018ASAJ..144Q1902C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.5068331">10.1121/1.5068331</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125369723">125369723</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDmitrieva2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dmitrieva, Olga (October 2014). "Final voicing and devoicing in American English". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>136</b> (4): 2174. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ASAJ..136.2174D">2014ASAJ..136.2174D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4899867">10.1121/1.4899867</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrijzenhout2000" class="citation citeseerx cs1">Grijzenhout, Janet (2000). "Voicing and devoicing in English, German, and Dutch: Evidence for domain-specific identity constraints". <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.141.5510">10.1.1.141.5510</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> & Bowern Claire. (2010). <i>An Introduction to Historical Linguistics</i> (Fourth ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0195365542</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akerbeltz.org/index.php?title=Final_devoicing_or_Why_does_naoidh_sound_like_N%C9%AFi%C3%A7%3F">Final Devoicing or 'Why does <naoi> sound like <naoich>?'</a> – explanation of devoicing with regard to <a href="Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter3/final.htm">Final Devoicing</a> – extract (with illustrative audio clips) from Peter Ladefoged's <i>A Course in Phonetics</i></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lab.chass.utoronto.ca/rescentre/german/TalkingMap/Devoicing-source.htm">Final Devoicing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050326010845/http://lab.chass.utoronto.ca/rescentre/german/TalkingMap/Devoicing-source.htm">Archived</a> 2005-03-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – from <i>The Talking Map | Tips for pronunciation</i></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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